Tipping culture refers to the practice of giving extra money (a tip) to service workers as a way to show appreciation for their service, with the amount often based on the quality of service and local customs. Examples include but is not limited to the US with tipping amounts around 20-25% of the bill  for the waiters/waitresses; 10% tipping in some European countries. 

National government holds control over the entire nation, whereas local authorities have control over municipalities, regions, or district levels;

Local leaders indicate political leaders in municipalities, regions, or district levels (i.e. city mayors).

Decentralization means the transfer of authority and responsibility for public functions from the national government to regional governments. This can involve, and is not limited to, transfering of political, administrative, and fiscal powers.

*for the purpose of this debate, means use of religion in political activism. For example,  embracing narratives such as if "God values justice over victimization, Gov would want blacks to be liberated;" "Gospel wants chains of oppression to be broken to stop the dehumiliating condition of blacks."

For the purpose of this debate, pessimistic approach refers to education that expects negative outcomes regarding climate change. For instance, that global warming is beyond the point of recovery, or that powerful countries will not prioritize climate issues, and so on.